Aseguramiento y control de la calidad de los datos en un estudio de cohorte en Colombia

Introducción: La calidad de los datos facilita garantizar la fiabilidad de los estudios observacionales. Objetivo: Describir el aseguramiento y el control de calidad para mantener la fiabilidad y la validez del dato en un estudio de cohorte. Métodos: Presentar el manejo de datos implementado dentro de un seguimiento de enfermos renales crónicos cuya exposición fue un programa de protección renal comparado con el tratamiento convencional y su asociación con desenlaces clínicos. Se evaluó el cambio en la frecuencia de errores después de implementar el plan y la reproducibilidad del ingreso de registros a las bases de datos. Resultados: Se documentó una disminución progresiva en los errores cometidos en la captación de datos. El valor de Kappa entre los recolectores de la información para las variables clínicas más importantes fue 0,960 para la depuración de creatinina 150 mg/dL; 0,730 para la alteración del sedimento urinario; 0,956 para la asignación de estadio al ingreso. Los coeficientes de correlación intraclase para la identificación de las cifras de presión arterial sistólica fue 0,996; para la de presión arterial diastólica 0,993 y para los niveles de creatinina sérica al diagnóstico 0,995. Discusión: La calidad de los datos comienza con el reconocimiento de los retos y dificultades que implica su responsable captación, de ahí el aporte de la estandarización de los procesos y el personal que los lleve a cabo en forma idónea. Estudios evidencian que muchos procesos de mejora surgen en el desarrollo de la investigación sin protocolos preestablecidos. Conclusión: La reducción en la proporción y el tipo de error durante el proceso de captación de datos se debe a su identificación temprana y la corrección de instructivos, del instrumento de control de diligenciamiento y de la capacitación continua del personal. El análisis mostró una buena concordancia interevaluador.

Introduction: Data quality makes it easier to ensure that observational studies are reliable. Objective: To describe assurance and quality control to maintain data reliability and validity in a cohort study. Methodology: We present the data management strategies implemented in a study that followed patients of chronic kidney disease who were in a renal protection program and compared them with those undergoing conventional treatment to observe its association with clinical outcomes. We assessed the changes in error frequency after implementing the plan along with the reproducibility of the strategies for entering records into the databases. Results: We documented a progressive decrease of data collection errors. The Kappa values among data collectors for the most important variables were: 0.960 for creatinine clearance 150 mg/dl; 0.730 for urinary sediment alteration and 0.956 for stage allocation upon admission. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the identification of systolic blood pressure was 0.996; for diastolic blood pressure, the coefficient was 0.993 and for serum creatinine levels at diagnosis, the value was 0.995. Discussion: Data quality begins with the recognition of the challenges and difficulties involved in responsible data collection, hence the contribution of standardized processes and personnel to carry them out in a suitable manner. Studies show that many improvement processes arise in the development of research without pre-established protocols. Conclusion: The reduction in error ratio and type during the data collection process are the result of the early identification of erroneously entered or missing data, the correction of the guidelines for completing forms as well as of the instruments for detecting errors and continuous training of the staff. The analysis showed good inter-rater reliability.

Incidence of infections associated with the use of invasive devices in an ICU after application of the Improvement Science Method

Objective: To reduce the incidence density of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) using the Improvement Science method. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. A collaborative quality improvement team developed and implemented local changes to HAI-related processes and protocols. Pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention periods were compared. The study was conducted at the Adult ICU of a hospital in southern Brazil. Variables were analyzed using interrupted time series analysis with segmented linear regression, simple correlation, and hypothesis testing. Results: There was a reduction in the incidence density of all infections. VAP was reduced from 27.2% to 7.2% (p < 0.001), CLABSI from 3.0% to 0.9% (p = 0.017), and CAUTI from 8.3% to 1.8% (p < 0.001). The ICU stay was also reduced from 6.7 to 6 days (p = 0.018). Conclusion: There was an improvement in all the evaluated parameters. Ongoing monitoring of related indicators and adherence to implemented measures are essential to sustain improvements. Applying the Improvement Science methodology can reduce the incidence of HAIs in the ICU.

A career in Forensic Odontology: it is not only about teeth / Odontologia Legal como carreira: não se trata apenas de dentes

Throughout the world, forensic odontology academic programmes have been designed and permeate discussions about international or local standard operational protocols, principles or guidelines requiring current technical and scientific knowledge. The heterogeneous groups of students who aim to pursue this career might have high educational and occupational aspirations that will be confronted with the labour markets. In this report, the authors briefly present aspects of the education and training that comprise the choice of a career in forensic odontology nowadays. In conclusion, the individual who opts for forensic odontology as a career must be prepared to find the confidence and resilience to practice professional skills in a unique and challenging field to comply with the society's expectation

Em todo o mundo, vários programas acadêmicos de Odontologia Legal têm sido criados e permeiam discussões sobre protocolos, princípios ou diretrizes operacionais, padrão internacional ou local, que exigem conhecimento técnico e científico atualizado. Os grupos heterogêneos de estudantes que pretendem seguir esta carreira poderão ter elevadas aspirações educativas e profissionais que serão confrontadas com os mercados de trabalho. Neste contexto, os autores apresentam brevemente aspectos da educação e formação que compõem a escolha de uma carreira em Odontologia Legal nos dias de hoje. Em conclusão, o indivíduo que opta pela Odontologia Legal como carreira deve estar preparado para encontrar confiança e resiliência para exercer habilidades profissionais em um campo único e desafiador para atender às expectativas da sociedade

Satisfacción del usuario en consulta externa de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, 2022

Introducción : La satisfacción del paciente es un indicador fundamental de la calidad en los servicios de salud. Sin embargo, encontramos escasos estudios previos en Medicina Física y Rehabilitación (MFyR), especialidad que atiende a pacientes con discapacidad quienes tienen derecho a recibir servicios de salud de la más alta calidad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la satisfacción del usuario en consulta externa de MFyR del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) de julio a septiembre del 2022. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó la satisfacción del usuario de consulta externa con la encuesta SERVQUAL. Asimismo, se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, relacionadas a la atención brindada, y el tipo de terapia de rehabilitación que recibió. Se realizó el análisis de datos utilizando el paquete estadístico Stata/SE ®. Se realizó el análisis bivariado entre las covariables de interés y la satisfacción. Resultados : Se incluyó a 93 participantes, con una mediana de edad de 43 años, el 49.5 % tuvo un tiempo menor a 6 meses desde la primera atención en consulta externa y el 59.1 % recibía solo terapia física. La satisfacción global fue de 72.4 %. La satisfacción por dimensión fue de 79,6 % para seguridad, 78,5 % para aspectos tangibles, 76,9 % para empatía, 68,8 % para fiabilidad y 58,1 % para capacidad de respuesta. Conclusiones : Hallamos que aproximadamente siete de cada diez participantes presentaron satisfacción global en consulta externa de MFyR del HNERM. Las dimensiones con mayor satisfacción fueron seguridad, aspectos tangibles, y empatía.

Introduction : Patient satisfaction is an important indicator for quality in healthcare services. However, we found scant previous studies on this respect carried out in the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) service, a specialty that takes care of disabled patients entitled to receive best quality medical services. The objective of this study was to evaluate users' satisfaction in the outpatient clinic of the PRM service at Edgardo Rebagliati-Martins National Hospital (ERMNH), from July to September, 2022. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was carried out. Outpatient's satisfaction was assessed using the SERVQUAL survey. Also, sociodemographic variables related to healthcare services and the type of rehabilitation therapy these patients received were assessed. Data analysis was performed using the Stata/SE® statistical software. Bivariate analysis for interest covariates and satisfaction was also performed. Results : Ninety-tree participants were included, their mean age was 43 years, nearly half (49.5%) had a less than 6-month time since they were seen for the first time in the outpatient clinic, and 59.1% only received physical therapy. Overall satisfaction was 72.4%. Satisfaction according to different dimensions was as follows> 79.6% for safety, 78.5% for tangible issues, 76.9% for empathy, 68.8% for reliability, and 58.1% for response capacity. Conclusions : We found that approximately seven out of ten patients had overall satisfaction in the PRM outpatient clinic at ERMNH. The dimensions with great satisfaction were safety, tangible issues, and empathy.

Quality assurance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests: An aid in malaria elimination

Background & objectives: India targets malaria elimination by 2030 in a phased manner, so malaria’s assured diagnosis is crucial. Introduction of rapid diagnostic kits in India in 2010 has revolutionized malaria surveillance. The storage temperature of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), kit components and handling in transportations impact the results of RDTs. Therefore, quality assurance (QA) is required before it reaches end-users. The Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR) has a World Health Organization (WHO) recognized lot-testing laboratory facility to assure the quality of RDTs. Methods: The ICMR-NIMR receives RDTs from different manufacturing companies as well as various agencies such as National and State Programmes and Central Medical Services Society. The WHO standard protocol is followed to conduct all the tests, including long-term and post-dispatch testing. Results: A total of 323 lots tested during January 2014-March 2021 were received from different agencies. Amongst them, 299 lots passed the quality of test and 24 failed. In long-term testing, 179 lots were tested and only nine failed. A total of 7741 RDTs were received from end-users for post-dispatch testing of which 7540 qualified the QA test with a score of 97.4 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: RDTs received for quality testing showed compliance with QA evaluation of malaria RDTs based on the protocol recommended by the WHO. However, continuous monitoring of the quality of RDTs is required under QA programme. Quality-assured RDTs have a major role, especially in areas where low parasitaemia of parasites persists.

Prevalencia de las úlceras por presión al egreso hospitalario en chile: tendencia del indicador 2001 al 2019

Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de la prevalencia de úlceras por presión en Chile y sus regiones de acuerdo con los egresos hospitalarios. Material y Método: Estudio ecológico de series temporales, que analizó la prevalencia de úlceras por presión entre 2001 y 2019. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, bivariante y lineal de tendencias. Este último con método de autorregresión Prais Winsten, calculando el cambio porcentual anual (APC) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC-95%). Resultados: La muestra fue de 11.060 casos. El 55,2% (6.103) fueron hombres, la media de edad fue 60 años (± 27.5) y la estancia hospitalaria fue 21,80 (± 35,084) días, siendo significativamente mayor en quienes presentaban lesiones por presión (p< 0,001). Existe una tendencia creciente y significativa en la prevalencia de úlceras por presión en Chile y todas sus regiones, teniendo promedio de un 11,33% de crecimiento interanual (APC= 0,0019; IC:95%= 0,0016-0,0022). Conclusión: Los resultados no son alentadores a pesar del aumento de la notificación de medidas de prevención y estandarización en los cuidados.

Objective: To analyze the trend in the prevalence of pressure ulcers in Chile and its regions according to hospital discharges. Material and Method: Ecological time series study, which analyzed the prevalence of pressure ulcers between 2001 and 2019. A descriptive, bivariate and linear analysis of trends was carried out. The latter with the Prais Winsten auto-regression method, calculating the annual percentage change (APC) and its 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The sample was 11,060 cases. 55.2% (6,103) were men, the average age was 60 years (± 27.5) and the hospital stay was 21.80 (± 35,084) days, being significantly longer in those with pressure injuries (p< 0.001). There is a growing and significant trend in the prevalence of pressure ulcers in Chile and all its regions, with an average of 11.33% interannual growth (APC= 0.0019; 95% CI= 0.0016-0.0022). Conclusion: The results are not encouraging despite the increase in notification of prevention measures and standardization of care.

Objetivo: Analisar a tendência da prevalência de úlceras por pressão no Chile e suas regiões de acordo com as altas hospitalares. Material e Método: Estudo ecológico de série temporal, que analisou a prevalência de úlceras por pressão entre 2001 e 2019. Foi realizada análise descritiva, bivariada e linear de tendências. Este último com o método de autorregressão de Prais Winsten, calculando a variação percentual anual (APC) e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: A amostra foi de 11.060 casos. 55,2% (6.103) eram homens, a idade média foi de 60 anos (± 27,5) e o tempo de internação foi de 21,80 (± 35.084) dias, sendo significativamente maior naqueles com lesão por pressão (p< 0,001). Há uma tendência crescente e significativa na prevalência de úlceras por pressão no Chile e em todas as suas regiões, com uma média de crescimento interanual de 11,33% (APC= 0,0019; IC 95%= 0,0016-0,0022). Conclusão: Os resultados não são animadores apesar do aumento da notificação de medidas de prevenção e da padronização dos cuidados.

Avaliação do desempenho de detergentes para limpeza: validação de uma proposta / Evaluación del rendimiento de detergentes para limpieza: validación de una propuesta / Performance evaluation of cleaning detergents: a proposal validation

Resumo Objetivo Elaborar e validar uma proposta para avaliação do desempenho de detergentes na limpeza de produtos para saúde. Métodos Foi desenvolvida proposta para avaliar o desempenho de detergentes rotineiramente utilizados em Centros de Material e Esterilização por meio de um estudo experimental utilizando monitores de limpeza e lavadora ultrassônica. Monitores de limpeza foram dispostos na cuba de uma lavadora ultrassônica. O parâmetro adotado para avaliação do desempenho dos detergentes foi a remoção completa da sujidade dos monitores. Foram avaliados resíduos de proteínas de amostras tubulares de aço inoxidável e de policloreto de polivinila, após contato com carga orgânica desafio e limpeza em lavadora ultrassônica. Foram considerados reprovados os testes que apresentavam gradação da coloração azul e aprovados os testes que permaneciam com a coloração marrom, como indicado nas instruções de uso. Todos os testes foram realizados em triplicata ou quintuplicada. Adicionalmente, foram realizados controles positivos. Resultados O uso do teste com tiras de papel alumínio, foil test, mostrou-se de fácil aplicação e capaz de diferenciar a cavitação em diferentes pontos da cuba da lavadora ultrassônica. Os indicadores de limpeza impregnados com resíduos orgânicos e os monitores de proteína utilizados na proposta apresentaram resultados variados, possibilitando diferenciar a eficácia da limpeza para cada detergente utilizado. Portanto, além de disponíveis no mercado, são ferramentas simples que possibilitaram a avaliação dos detergentes. Conclusão A proposta desenvolvida mostrou-se factível e simples e considerou produtos e equipamentos rotineiramente encontrados em Centros de Material e Esterilização.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar una propuesta para evaluación del rendimiento de detergentes en la limpieza de productos de salud. Métodos Mediante un estudio experimental con el uso de monitores de limpieza y lavadora ultrasónica, se elaboró una propuesta para evaluar el rendimiento de detergentes utilizados habitualmente en centros de material y esterilización. Se colocaron monitores de limpieza en el tanque de una lavadora ultrasónica. El parámetro adoptado para evaluar el rendimiento de los detergentes fue la eliminación completa de la suciedad de los monitores. Se evaluaron residuos de proteínas de muestras tubulares de acero inoxidable y de cloruro de polivinilo, después del contacto con carga orgánica desafío y limpieza en lavadora ultrasónica. Las pruebas que presentaron una gama de coloración azul fueron reprobadas, y las que permanecían con coloración marrón fueron aprobadas, como indicado en las instrucciones de uso. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas en triplicado o quintuplicado. Adicionalmente se realizaron controles positivos. Resultados El uso de las pruebas con tiras de papel de aluminio, foil test, demostró ser de fácil aplicación y con capacidad para diferenciar la cavitación en diferentes puntos del tanque de la lavadora ultrasónica. Los indicadores de limpieza impregnados de residuos orgánicos y los monitores de proteína utilizados en la propuesta presentaron resultados variados, lo que permitió diferenciar la eficacia de la limpieza en cada detergente usado. Por lo tanto, además de estar disponibles en el mercado, son herramientas simples que permiten la evaluación de los detergentes. Conclusión La propuesta desarrollada demostró ser factible y simple, e incluyó productos y equipos encontrados habitualmente en centros de material y esterilización.

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a proposal to evaluate the performance of cleaning detergents for health products. Methods A proposal was developed to evaluate the performance of detergents routinely used in Materials and Sterilization Center through an experimental study using cleaning monitors and an ultrasonic washer. Cleaning monitors were placed in the ultrasonic washer tub. The parameter adopted to evaluate the performance of detergents was the complete removal of stain from the monitors. Protein residues from tubular stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride samples were evaluated after contact with challenge organic matter and cleaning in an ultrasonic washer. Tests that showed a gradation of blue color were considered to have failed and tests that remained with a brown color were approved, as indicated in instructions for use. All tests were performed in triplicate or quintuplicate. Additionally, positive controls were performed. Results The use of the foil test with strips proved to be easy to apply and capable of differentiating cavitation at different points in the ultrasonic washer tub. The cleaning indicators impregnated with organic residues and the protein monitors used in the proposal presented varied results, making it possible to differentiate the cleaning effectiveness for each detergent used. In addition to their availability on the market, these simple tools made it possible to evaluate the detergents. Conclusion The proposal developed proved to be feasible and simple and considered products and equipment routinely found in Materials and Sterilization Centers.

The remote training system for quality assurance of medical electronic linear accelerators based on extended reality technology / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To improve the quality assurance (QA) skills of radiotherapy personnel and medical students and reduce the radiation risk of training by developing a remote training system for QA of medical electronic linear accelerators.Methods:This training system was built based on radiotherapy technology and quality control contents of medical electronic linear accelerators, and a virtual reality interactive software was developed using extended reality (XR) technology Unity 3D. A remote control module of multi-terminal platform was also developed. A multi-perspective evaluation system was adopted and a questionnaire was designed to analyze the application value of this system.Results:The training system reproduced the live environment and physical objects of medical electronic linear accelerator treatment room. It built a multi-terminal virtual simulation training system with radiotherapy technology as well as QA knowledge system. This system could provide 5G remote control of medical electronic linear accelerator for off-site quality control demonstration and guidance. By March 1, 2022, a total number of 133 people had been trained using this system, 76 valid questionnaires had been taken, of which 90.79% (69/76) of the respondents trusted the experimental results shown by the system and 88.16% (67/76) of the respondents considered the training system necessary.Conclusions:The training effect of this system is widely recognized. It fundamentally reduces the training radiation hazard and provides reference for the reform and progress of QA training mode of medical electronic linear accelerators.

Quality assurance of Nursing Education in the Philippines

@#The Philippines continues to produce globally competitive nursing graduates. However, it performs poorly in international standards for quality education in nursing. This paper investigates the objective parameters of quality assurance: Commission on Higher Education (CHED) accreditation, Philippine Regulation Commission (PRC) licensure examinations, and other international and local standards to measure the quality of nursing education inputs and outputs. Results showed an accreditation rate of 3% for nursing programs, less than the national average of 10% for all programs across all professions (CHED 2018; CHED n.d. -a; CHED n.d. -b). Some highly regarded programs have advanced to Level IV (seven baccalaureate programs and two master's programs). Although there is a link between graduates' performance and effective instruction and sound evaluation in university procedures (Amanonce & Maramag, 2020), written board exams cannot assess some performance indicators to determine if a student has met program objectives. Although the country has produced globally competitive nursing graduates, steps must be taken to improve the program's compatibility with the concept of globalization. Strategies should be aimed at performance indicators in a global nursing education and profession landscape.

Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de Calidad en Salud: aplicación al laboratorio clínico / Mandatory Quality Assurance System in Health: application to the clinical laboratory

En 1993, el Estado estableció el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, en el que se introdujeron los diferentes mecanismos legales para promover la calidad en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en el país. A partir de allí, se implantaron diferentes decretos. En la actualidad, el Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de Calidad en Salud (SOGCS) se encuentra reglamentado en el Decreto 780 de 2016, Decreto Único Reglamentario del Sector Salud. El SOGCS está integrado por cuatro componentes principales: el Sistema Único de Habilitación (SUH), la Auditoría para el Mejoramiento de la Calidad, el Sistema Único de Acreditación (SUA) y el Sistema de Información para la Calidad en Salud, para dirigir y evaluar el desempeño de estas instituciones en términos de calidad y satisfacción social; además, se adoptó el Manual de Inscripción de Prestadores y Habilitación de Servicios de Salud, el cual contiene las condiciones mínimas que deben cumplir los servicios de salud ofertados y prestados en el país, para brindar seguridad a los usuarios en el proceso de la atención en salud. Dicho manual tiene por objeto definir las condiciones de verificación para la habilitación, como la capacidad técnico-administrativa, suficiencia patrimonial y financiera, y la capacidad tecnológica y científica. En este artículo se revisarán algunos conceptos generales del Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de Calidad en Salud, así como los estándares y criterios de habilitación para laboratorios clínicos

In 1993, the State established the General System of Social Security in Health, in which different legal mechanisms were introduced to promote quality in the institutions providing health services in the country. From then on, different decrees were implemented. Currently, the Mandatory Health Quality Assurance System (SOGCS) is regulated by Decree 780 of 2016, the Sole Regulatory Decree of the Health Sector. SOGCS is made up of four main components: the Single Qualification System (SUH), the Audit for Quality Improvement, the Single Accreditation System (SUA) and the Health Quality Information System, to direct and evaluate the performance of these institutions in terms of quality and social satisfaction; in addition, the Health Services Provider Registration and Qualification Manual was adopted, which contains the minimum conditions that health services in the country must meet to provide security to users in the health care process. The purpose of this manual is to define the verification conditions for accreditation, such as technical-administrative capacity, patrimonial and financial sufficiency, and technological and scientific capacity. This article will review some general concepts of the Mandatory System of Quality Assurance in Health, as well as the standards and qualification criteria for clinical laboratories

Representações sociais de médicos da Atenção Primária sobre a atenção à saúde para pessoas com deficiência / Representaciones sociales de médicos de la atención primaria sobre la atención de la salud para personas con discapacidad / Social representations of primary care physicians about health care for people with disabilities

O presente artigo objetivou analisar as representações sociais de médicos atuantes na Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre atendimento à saúde para pessoas com deficiência (PcD). Utilizou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais, com abordagem estrutural da Teoria do Núcleo Central, a partir da técnica de evocação de palavras analisadas pelos softwares Evoc® e Iramutec®. Participaram da pesquisa 109 médicos, predominantemente jovens e mulheres. A atenção às PcD se orienta por uma prática incompleta, insegura e permeada pelo receio de médicos que referem lacunas no processo de formação profissional, além de haver dificuldades de comunicação com pacientes identificados como PcD. Poucos médicos apresentam relatos mais inclusivos na assistência de PcD. Predominam as percepções restritas ao corpo, normatizadas pelo modelo biomédico e que ignoram as estruturas sociais. (AU)

El objetivo fue el análisis de las Representaciones Sociales de médicos actuantes en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia sobre atención de la salud para personas con discapacidad (PcD). Se utilizó la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, con abordaje estructural de la Teoría del Núcleo Central a partir de la técnica de evocación de palabras analizadas por los softwares EVOC® e IRAMUTEC®. Participaron 109 médicos, predominantemente jóvenes y mujeres. La atención a las PcD se orienta por una práctica incompleta, insegura, atravesada por el recelo de médicos que refieren lagunas en el proceso de formación profesional, además de dificultades de comunicación con pacientes identificados como PcD. Pocos médicos presentan relatos más inclusivos en la asistencia de PcD. Predominan las percepciones restringidas al cuerpo, normalizadas por el modelo biomédico y que ignoran las estructuras sociales.(AU)

The objective was to analyze the Social Representations of physicians working in the Family Health Strategy on health care for people with disabilities (PwD). The Theory of Social Representations was used, with a structural approach of the Central Nucleus Theory based on the technique of evoking words analyzed by the EVOC® and IRAMUTEC® software. 109 physicians participated, predominantly younger individuals and women. Care to PwD is guided by an incomplete, unsafe practice, permeated by the fear of doctors who mention gaps in the professional training process, in addition to communication difficulties with patients identified as PwD. Few physicians have more inclusive reports on PwD care. The predominant perceptions are restricted to the body, standardized by the biomedical model and ignoring social structures.(AU)

National guidelines for data quality in surveys: An overview

Good quality health, nutrition and demographic survey data are vital for evidence-based decision-making. Existing literature indicates system specific, data collection and reporting gaps that affect quality of health, nutrition and demographic survey data, thereby affecting its usability and relevance. To mitigate these, the National Data Quality Forum (NDQF), under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Medical Statistics (NIMS) developed the National Guidelines for Data Quality in Surveys delineating assurance mechanisms to generate standard quality data in surveys. The present article highlights the principles from the guidelines for informing survey researchers/organizations in generating good quality survey data. It describes the process of development of the national guidelines, principles for each of the survey phases listed in the document and applicability of them to data user for ensuring data quality. The guidelines may be useful to a broad-spectrum of audience such as data producers from government and non-government organizations, policy makers, research institutions, as well as individual researchers, thereby playing a vital role in improving quality of health, nutrition and demographic data ecosystem.

Health-related quality of life: The neglected facet of women's health in India

Quality of life (QoL) is a multidimensional concept and an essential health component that usually includes both positive and negative aspects of life. The measure of health-related QoL (HRQOL) enables health agencies and social partners to address areas of public health importance and formulate policies which eventually demonstrate the impact of health on QoL. Women form an important pillar of society as they are the primary caretaker of children and elders in every country of the world and therefore, the QoL of women determines the health of the next generation and future public health challenges for families, communities, and the health-care system. Providing health services at par with quality is the need of the hour and a very important health goal considering women's health. Poor delivery of clinical care, failure to meet the professional standards of patient care by health-care providers, mistreatment and abuse by health-care professionals, and inequitable delivery of care are some of the key issues in the delivery of quality maternal health-care services in India and therefore primary health-care professionals should be made familiar with the concept of the HRQoL in the community they are serving. Indian health-care systems need to address to the inequalities and taking off the consumer-centric, market approach of privately run corporate health facilities along with setting up of accountability of all the stakeholders to provide quality care, especially in the government-run facilities and creating a promising environment in health care for women focusing on pregnant and postpartum mothers.

Assessment and Applicability of Various Elements of Quality Assurance in Histopathology Laboratory: A Study from A Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Region of India

Background Quality control in histopathology is rela?vely newer concept and less understood because of its subjec?vity. Aim:The present study was conducted to assess and determine applicability of the different elements of quality assurance in the histopathology laboratory of a ter?ary care hospital in eastern region of India. Material and methods: An observa?onal, retrospec?ve and analy?c study for one year and three months was conducted. 2000 samples were selected by simple random sampling including the biopsy specimens and cell blocks received in the histopathology laboratory. Results:Of the 2000 samples, 1880 (94%) were accepted and 120 rejected (6%) due to mainly pre analy?cal factors. Of the rejected samples, 35 samples (29.2%) were without proper fixa?ve, 48 samples (40%) had incomplete requisi?on forms, 37 samples (30.8%) had incomplete/ absent clinical history. Lack of adherence to standard ?ssue fixa?on protocols were observed in 55 cases (2.75%). Inadequate preven?ve maintenance and delay in renewal of maintenance contracts were the most common cause of failure of maintenance of equipment. Improper staining was found in 35 cases (1.75%). Grossing of specimens were inadequate in 104 cases (5.2%). Concurrence in diagnosis was found in majority cases (1892 cases, 94.6%). Random case review was done with adequate precision (97.5%) and accuracy (96.6 %). Maintenance of turnaround ?me was found in most cases (1800 cases, 90%). Conclusion: Standard opera?ng procedures, training of staffs, equipment maintenance, alertness to maintain turnaround ?me and awareness, proper report documenta?on and storage are the key factors to successfully uphold quality assurance.

La seguridad de las placentas humanas utilizadas como materia prima farmacéutica desde el enfoque bioético / Human placenta safety used as pharmaceutical raw material based on the bioethical approach

Introducción: El uso de la placenta humana como materia prima farmacéutica se debe al contenido de sustancias biológicamente activas. El Centro de Histoterapia Placentaria -HISPLACEN- investiga, desarrolla, produce y comercializa productos de origen placentario. Objetivo: Analizar el proceso de aseguramiento y control para certificar la calidad de las placentas humanas como materia prima farmacéutica, desde el enfoque bioético en HISPLACEN. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico. Se definió como objeto de investigación: el proceso de aseguramiento y control para certificar la calidad de las placentas humanas en HISPLACEN, y su implantación en el período (2017-2021). Fueron revisados en el estudio, los documentos del Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad institucional, las regulaciones sobre Buenas Prácticas del CECMED, y la literatura científica sobre Bioética. Resultados: Las etapas del proceso de aseguramiento y control de la calidad para la certificación de las placentas se describieron y analizaron, destacándose la aplicación del enfoque bioético en su implantación. Se identificó la correspondencia de una ética humana y ambientalista de interrelación multidisciplinaria y entre los actores del ecosistema empresarial. Todo ello centrado en las dimensiones relativas a la ciencia y la tecnología para la fabricación de medicamentos. Conclusiones: Se evidenció el cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos en la certificación de las placentas humanas lo que potenció el desarrollo de un proceso tipificado por la integralidad, funcionalidad, eficacia y robustez. Este órgano biológico empleado como materia prima se abordó desde la multidimensionalidad -científica, tecnológica y bioética- del proceso descrito en sus tres etapas, lo que impacta positivamente, al focalizarse en un objetivo común: garantizar la salud y el bienestar de las personas, unido a la protección medioambiental.

Introduction: The use of human placenta as pharmaceutical raw material is due to the content of biologically active substances. The Placental Histotherapy Center (HISPLACEN) researches, develops, produces, and markets products of placental origin. Objective: to analyze the assurance and control process to certify the quality of the human placenta as a raw material in the biopharmaceutical industry, based on the bioethical approach. Material and Methods: A descriptive and analytical study was carried out. The process of quality assurance and control of the human placenta in HISPLACEN, and its implementation in the period 2017-2021 was defined as the research object. The documentation of the institutional Quality Management System, Good Practices regulations of the CECMED, and the scientific literature on Bioethics were reviewed. Results: The stages of the quality assurance and control of the placenta process and its derived products were described and analyzed, highlighting the application of the bioethical approach in its implementation. The correspondence of a human and environmental ethics of multidisciplinary interrelation and between the actors involved in the entrepreneurial ecosystem was identified. All this focused on the dimensions related to science and technology in the manufacture of medicines. Conclusions: The compliance of bioethical principles in the certification of human placentas was evidenced, which promoted the development of a process typified by comprehensiveness, functionality, efficacy, and robustness. This biological organ used as raw material was approached from multidimensionality -scientific, technological and bioethical - of the process focused on a common objective: guaranteeing human health and well-being, together with environmental protection.

Calidad en el servicio de alimentación de Casas de la niñez indígena, México: Estudio de caso

RESUMEN El Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas es el organismo mexicano encargado de brindar alimentación, además de hospedaje a niñas y niños que provienen de localidades indígenas que no cuentan con acceso educativo en sus lugares de origen, a través de albergues denominados "Casas de la niñez indígena". En 2019 se llevó a cabo el presente estudio, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la calidad del servicio de alimentación otorgado en un albergue del Estado de México, entidad cercana a la Ciudad de México. La calidad se estudió desde una perspectiva multidimensional, por lo que se examinaron tres elementos: la estructura, los procesos y los resultados. Para verificar el cumplimiento de la estructura y los procesos se aplicaron dos listas de cotejo y se establecieron porcentajes de cumplimiento, en el caso de la dimensión resultados se evaluó la aceptabilidad del servicio, a través de la aplicación de 42 cuestionarios a usuarios de 8 a 19 años de edad, cada respuesta del cuestionario obtuvo un puntaje promedio categorizado en rechazo o aceptación del servicio. La estructura del servicio mostró un cumplimiento alto de la calidad (85,7% de cumplimiento), los procesos obtuvieron un cumplimiento medio de la calidad (64,4% de cumplimiento) y la dimensión resultados demostró baja aceptabilidad del servicio respecto a la cantidad de comida servida. Ante el bajo cumplimiento de la calidad en algunos procesos se recomendó la implementación de herramientas e indicadores de calidad para identificar problemáticas y garantizar la inocuidad, además de la calidad del servicio.

ABSTRACT The National Institute of Indigenous People is a Mexican institution in charge of providing food and lodging for indigenous children living in rural areas. These services were provided in shelters known as "Casas de la niñez indígena". In 2019, we carried out this research with the objective of analyzing the quality of the food service provided in a shelter near Mexico City. Quality was analyzed from a multidimensional perspective, we studied three elements: structure, processes and results. The structure and processes were evaluated through checklists and compliance percentages. Results focused on evaluating the acceptability of the service through the application of 42 questionnaires to users from 8 to 19 years of age. Answers were analyzed through an average score categorized in rejection or acceptance of the service. Structure demonstrated high-quality compliance (85.7%), medium quality compliance (64.4%) for processes and the results dimension showed little acceptance to the amount of food served. The implementation of quality tools and indicators were recommended to identify problems in the processes and to guarantee food safety and quality of service.

El dolor en pacientes hospitalizados en una institución de alta complejidad / Pain in hospitalized patients in a high complexity institution / Dor em pacientes internados em uma instituição de alta complexidade

Objetivo: el dolor se define como "una experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable asociada o similar a la asociada con daño tisular real o potencial". El objetivo de este estudio es describir la prevalencia, evaluación y manejo del dolor, en pacientes hospitalizados en una institución de alta complejidad. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal. Se incluyeron adultos hospitalizados en una institución de alta complejidad durante tres meses; excluyendo pacientes con <48h de hospitalización, alteración del estado de conciencia, diálisis extrainstitucional o historias clínicas incompletas para cumplir los objetivos. El análisis de la información se realizó aplicando métodos descriptivos. Los análisis fueron llevados a cabo en el paquete estadístico SPSSv.26(Inc, Chicago, IL). Resultados: se incluyeron 655 pacientes hospitalizados que cumplieron criterios de elegibilidad, con una edad promedio de 53.9 años. La mediana de días de estancia hospitalaria fue de 5 (RIQ 2­8). El número de tomas del dolor en relación con el número de tomas de signos vitales es de 1:4. Los pacientes recibieron entre 2 y 6 medicamentos diferentes para el control del dolor, siendo la dipirona, con el 68.5%, la más utilizada. Al egreso casi la totalidad de los pacientes presentó un adecuado control del dolor. Conclusiones: persiste una deficiencia en las tomas de la eva cada vez que se toman los signos vitales del paciente hospitalizado. La implementación de la política institucional "clínica que alivia el dolor" busca que se logre un adecuado control del dolor durante la hospitalización.

Objective: pain is defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated or similar to that associated with actual or potential tissue damage." The aim was to describe the prevalence, evaluation, and management of pain in patients hospitalized in a high complexity institution. Methodology: longitudinal descriptive observational study. Adults hospitalized from an overly complex institution for three months were included; excluding patients with <48h of hospitalization, altered state of consciousness, extra-institutional dialysis or incomplete medical records to meet the objectives. The information analysis was conducted by applying descriptive methods. The analyzes were carried out in the statistical package SPSSv.26 (Inc, Chicago, IL). Results: 655 hospitalized patients who met eligibility criteria were included, with a mean age of 53.9 years. The median days of hospital stay was 5 (IQR, 2­8). The number of shots of pain in relation to the number of vital signs shots is 1: 4. The patients received between 2 and 6 different medications for pain control, with dipyrone being the most widely used (68.5%). At discharge, almost all of the patients had adequate pain control. Conclusions: a deficiency persists in the VAS measurements each time the vital signs of the hospitalized patient are taken. The implementation of the institutional policy "clinic that relieves pain" seeks to achieve adequate pain control during hospitalization.

Objetivo: A dor é definida como "uma experiência sensorial e emocional desagradável associada ou semelhante àquela associada a dano tecidual real ou potencial". O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a prevalência, avaliação e manejo da dor em pacientes internados em uma instituição de alta complexidade. Metodologia:estudo observacional descritivo longitudinal. Foram incluídos adultos internados em instituição de alta complexidade por três meses; excluindo pacientes com menos de 48h de internação, estado alterado de consciência, diálise extrainstitucional ou prontuários incompletos para atender aos objetivos. A análise das informações foi realizada por meio de métodos descritivos. As análises foram realizadas no pacote estatístico SPSSv.26( Inc , Chicago, IL).Resultados: Foram incluídos 655 pacientes internados que preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade, com média de idade de 53,9 anos. O número médio de dias de internação foi de 5 (IQR 2-8). O número de injeções de dor em relação ao número de injeções de sinais vitais é 1:4. Os pacientes receberam entre 2 e 6 medicamentos diferentes para controle da dor, sendo a dipirona , com 68,5%, a mais utilizada. Na alta, quase todos os pacientes apresentavam controle adequado da dor. Conclusões: persiste uma deficiência nas medidasvas toda vez que se mede os sinais vitais do paciente hospitalizado. A implantação da política institucional "clínica que alivia a dor" busca alcançar o controle adequado da dor durante a internação.

Evaluación de la calidad del Servicio de Estomatología General Integral. Policlínico Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus / Assessment of the comprehensive General Stomatology quality service. Camilo Cienfuegos Polyclinic of Sancti Spiritus

RESUMEN Fundamento: La calidad de la atención estomatológica se ha convertido actualmente en una necesidad. En Cuba, el Programa Nacional de Atención Estomatológica Integral a la Población tiene como propósito incrementar y perfeccionar la atención estomatológica. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del Servicio de Estomatología General Integral del policlínico Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación observacional descriptiva de corte transversal en el Policlínico Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus en el período comprendido de septiembre de 2019 a enero de 2020. Se seleccionaron 19 estomatólogos de la unidad y 368 pacientes pertenecientes a los consultorios 8 y 9 del área de salud que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizó la calidad como variable, la cual se operacionalizó en las dimensiones: estructura, proceso y resultados y sus criterios de medida. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos y técnicas de recolección y análisis de datos. Se realizaron encuestas de satisfacción a pacientes y profesionales. Resultados: Las dimensiones estructura y proceso, con 20 y 10 puntos respectivamente, fueron evaluadas de regular, la dimensión resultado de bien por un valor alcanzado de 8 puntos. Conclusión: La calidad del Servicio de Estomatología General Integral del policlínico Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus fue evaluada de regular.

ABSTRACT Background: Dental care quality has become a necessity. In Cuba, the National Program for the People´s Comprehensive Stomatology Care aims to increase and improve dental care. Objective: To assess the Comprehensive General Stomatology quality service at Camilo Cienfuegos polyclinic in Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational research was conducted at Camilo Cienfuegos Polyclinic in Sancti Spíritus from September 2019 to January 2020. 19 stomatologists from the unit and 368 patients belonging to clinics 8 and 9 of the area were selected who met the inclusion criteria. Quality was used as a variable, and operationalized in the dimensions: structure, process and results and their measurement criteria. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods and data collection also analysis techniques were used. Satisfaction surveys were conducted on patients and professionals. Results: Structure and process dimensions, with 20 and 10 points respectively, were evaluated as regular, the result dimension as good for an 8-point value. Conclusion: Comprehensive General Stomatology quality service at Camilo Cienfuegos polyclinic in Sancti Spíritus was evaluated as regular.

Patient Safety, Clinical Microbiology, and Collaborative Healthcare

“Right to health” is a universal right inclusive of a culture of safety. This review aims to highlight how clinical microbiology laboratories can contribute to patient safety. They can bring down medical errors through clinical collaboration and quality control. Timely and accurate inputs from microbiology laboratory help in clinical correlation and aid in safe patient care. Through internet search, using keywords such as “medical errors” and “quality assurance,” global burden of medical errors has been compiled. References have been taken from guidelines and documents of standard national and international agencies, systematic reviews, observational studies, retrospective analyses, meta-analyses, health bulletins and reports, and personal views. Safety in healthcare should lay emphasis on prevention, reporting, analysis, and correction of medical errors. If not recorded, medical errors are regarded as occasional or chance events. Global data show adverse events are as high as 10% among hospitalized patients, and approximately two-thirds of these are reported from low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). This includes errors in laboratories as well. Clinical microbiology can impact patient safety when practiced properly with an aim to detect, control, and prevent infections at the earliest. It is a science that integrates a tripartite relationship between the patient, clinician, and a microbiology specialist. Through collaborative healthcare, all stakeholders benefit by understanding common errors and mitigate them through quality management. However, errors tend to happen despite standardization and streamlining all processes. The aim should be to minimize them, have fair documentation, and learn from mistakes to avoid repetition. Local targets should be set and then extended to meet national and global benchmarks.

Nutritional Status of Tribal Under‑Five Children in a Community Development Block of Birbhum District, West Bengal: A Cross‑Sectional Study

Introduction: One of the essential components for maintaining health is having proper and adequate nutrition. The absence of this might affect majorly the physical domain of health, especially in under‑five children as it is the age of development. The present study was conducted among the tribal under‑five children in a tribal predominant block, Mohammad Bazar in Birbhum District of West Bengal to find out their nutritional status, along with the estimation of prevalence of anemia among them; and the association, if any, between the nutritional status of the study population with their demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics. Materials and Methods: This community‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted among 378 tribal under‑five children residing in 21 villages of Mohammad Bazar Block during September 2018–August 2020 using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) technique. A predesigned, pretested schedule was used to collect necessary information regarding background characteristics. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) and biochemical estimation (hemoglobin level in blood) were done to evaluate nutritional status. Ethical permission was obtained from Institutional Ethics Committee, Burdwan Medical College. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20. Results: The present study showed that 31.0% of under‑five children were underweight, 16.6% severely underweight, 31.5% stunted, 17.2% severely stunted, 21.7% wasted, and 7.7% severely wasted. Nearly one‑third of the study participants were suffering from anemia and most of them (91.5%) had mild anemia. As per LQAS, none of the villages had acceptable nutritional status as far as the weight for age and height for age was concerned. Conclusions:This research unveiled that the undernutrition in various forms still persists among the tribal under‑five children. Rigorous implementation of various schemes, missions, and programs by both state and Central Government are the need of the hour to overcome this downhearted situation